Métricas objetivas para cuantificar la recuperación funcional de las extremidades superiores de pacientes con lesión medular tras programas de terapias basadas en interfaces cerebro-computadora
Palabras clave:
Electroencefalografía, fuerza de agarre, interfaz cerebro-máquina, lesión medular, neurorrehabilitaciónResumen
La lesión medular (LM) a nivel cervical produce afectaciones motoras importantes en las extremidades superiores (ES), impactando negativamente la independencia funcional de los pacientes. Aunque las terapias convencionales pueden ser benéficas en el proceso de rehabilitación, su efectividad está limitada por factores como la interrupción de vías de comunicación motoras y la falta de retroalimentación sensorial que los pacientes pueden recibir. Debido a esto, las interfaces cerebro-computadora (ICC) han surgido como una opción terapéutica complementaria prometedora. Las ICC permiten decodificar las señales del sistema nervioso central para producir retroalimentación visual, sensorial o motora, promoviendo procesos de neuroplasticidad. Actualmente, el estándar para evaluar el impacto de estas intervenciones basadas en ICC consiste en aplicar escalas clínicas y analizar los puntajes obtenidos. Sin embargo, estas escalas contienen un componente subjetivo que resalta la necesidad de incorporar métricas cuantitativas objetivas para la evaluación de la eficacia y efectividad clínica de las ICC. En esta revisión narrativa, se presentan distintas métricas neurofisiológicas, biomecánicas y de fuerza que han sido propuestas para la evaluación de los cambios observados en pacientes con LM, tras concluir un programa de rehabilitación para ES basado en ICC. Si bien estas métricas muestran potencial como posibles biomarcadores de recuperación, aún es necesario resolver algunas limitaciones, como la falta de estandarización en la adquisición y el análisis de datos. A pesar de esto, la evidencia sugiere que el uso de métricas cuantitativas objetivas ofrecería una caracterización más completa y robusta del proceso de rehabilitación motora de ES posterior a una LM.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra
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