Effect of Sex Hormones on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Keywords:
muscle regeneration, estradiol, testosterone, skeletal muscle, sex differencesAbstract
La regeneración del músculo esquelético es un proceso necesario para mantener la función motora y el metabolismo energético en un organismo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios se centran principalmente en modelos masculinos, lo que genera un sesgo en la literatura sobre cómo las hormonas influyen en este proceso. Esta revisión explora el papel de las hormonas sexuales, en particular el estradiol y la testosterona, en la regeneración muscular, destacando su impacto en la fisiología, la composición de las fibras musculares, la inflamación y la actividad de las células satélite. El estradiol exhibe efectos protectores al reducir la inflamación y promover la proliferación de células satélite, mientras que la testosterona estimula el crecimiento muscular y la síntesis de proteínas. Además, se observan diferencias en la fatiga, el daño inducido por el ejercicio y las respuestas regenerativas entre hombres y mujeres, lo que sugiere que el sexo biológico influye significativamente en la dinámica celular y molecular de la reparación muscular.
Publication Facts
Reviewer profiles N/A
Author statements
Indexed in
- Editor & editorial board
- profiles
- Academic society
- N/A
To learn about these publication facts, click 
PF is maintained by the Public Knowledge Project
References
encias
Frontera WR, Ochala J. Skeletal muscle: a brief review of structure and function. Calcif Tissue Int. 2015 Mar;96(3):183–95.
Indexes of muscle damage, inflammation, and repair. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Mar;106(3):1016–20.
Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;84(3):475–82.
Borrás C, Sastre J, García-Sala D, Lloret A, Pallardó FV, Viña J. Mitochondria from females exhibit higher antioxidant gene expression and lower oxidative damage than males. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Mar;34(5):546–52.
Griggs RC, Kingston W, Jozefowicz RF, Herr BE, Forbes G, Halliday D. Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol. 1989 Jan;66(1):498–503.
Herbst KL, Bhasin S. Testosterone action on skeletal muscle. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004 May;7(3):271–7.
Urban RJ, Bodenburg YH, Gilkison C, Foxworth J, Coggan AR, Wolfe RR, et al. Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Nov;269(5):E820–6.
Ascenzi F, Barberi L, Dobrowolny G, Villa Nova B, Scicchitano BM, Procino G, et al. Effects of IGF‐1 isoforms on muscle growth and sarcopenia. Aging Cell. 2019;18(3):e12954.
Takada Y, Matsuo K. Regulation of bone mass at unloaded condition by osteocyte network. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(6):R151.
Braga M, Bhasin S, Jasuja R, Pervin S, Singh R. Testosterone inhibits transforming growth factor-β signaling during myogenic differentiation and proliferation of mouse satellite cells: potential role of follistatin in mediating testosterone action. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Dec 1;350(1):39–52.
Buckinx F, Aubertin-Leheudre M. Sarcopenia in menopausal women: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health. 2022 Jun 1;14:805–19.
Hevener AL, Zhou Z, Drew BG, Ribas V. The role of skeletal muscle estrogen receptors in metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1043:257–84.
Tiidus PM, Holden D, Bombardier E, Zajchowski S, Enns D, Belcastro A. Estrogen effect on post-exercise skeletal muscle neutrophil infiltration and calpain activity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001 May;79(5):400–6.
Klein KO, Martha PM, Blizzard RM, Herbst T, Rogol AD. A longitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys. II. Estrogen levels as determined by an ultrasensitive bioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Sep;81(9):3203–7.
Kirmani S, Christen D, van Lenthe GH, Fischer PR, Bouxsein ML, McCready LK, Melton LJ, Riggs BL, Amin S, Müller R, Khosla S. Bone structure at the distal radius during adolescent growth. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Jun;24(6):1033–42.
Plant TM, Marshall GR. The functional significance of FSH in spermatogenesis and the control of its secretion in male primates. Endocr Rev. 2001 Dec;22(6):764–86.
Garnett SP, Högler W, Blades B, Baur LA, Peat J, Lee J, Cowell CT. Relation between hormones and body composition, including bone, in prepubertal children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):966–72.
Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. Role of gonadal steroids in the sexual dimorphisms in body composition and circulating concentrations of leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jun;84(6):1784–9.
Herbison GJ, Jaweed MM, Ditunno JF. Muscle fiber types. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982 May;63(5):227–30.
Simoneau JA, Bouchard C. Human variation in skeletal muscle fiber-type proportion and enzyme activities. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1989 Oct;257(4 Pt 1):E567–72.
Staron RS, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS, Murray TF, Hostler DP, Crill MT, Ragg KE, Toma K. Fiber type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle of young men and women. J Histochem Cytochem. 2000 May;48(5):623–9.
Welle S, Tawil R, Thornton CA. Sex-related differences in gene expression in human skeletal muscle. PLoS One. 2008 Jan;3(1):e1385.
Haizlip KM, Harrison BC, Leinwand LA. Sex-based differences in skeletal muscle kinetics and fiber-type composition. Physiology (Bethesda). 2015 Feb;30(1):30–9.
Hicks AL, Kent-Braun J, Ditor DS. Sex differences in human skeletal muscle fatigue. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2001 Jul;29(3):109–12.
Hunter SK, Critchlow A, Enoka RM. Influence of aging on sex differences in muscle fatigability. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Nov;97(5):1723–32.
Komulainen N, Koskinen N, Kalliokoski N, Takala N, Vihko V. Gender differences in skeletal muscle fibre damage after eccentrically biased downhill running in rats. Acta Physiol Scand. 1999 May;165(1):57–63.
Della Peruta C, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Renzini A, Moresi V, Riera CS, Bouché M, Coletti D. Sex differences in inflammation and muscle wasting in aging and disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar;24(5):4651.
Lipes J, Mardini L, Jayaraman D. Sex and mortality of hospitalized adults after admission to an intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care. 2013 Jul;22(4):314–9.
Angelini C, Fanin M, Freda MP, et al. Gender difference in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: a muscle fiber morphometric study in 101 patients. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(6):899–904.
Callahan DM, Miller MS, Sweeny AP, Tourville TW, Slauterbeck JR, Savage PD, Maugan DW, Ades PA, Beynnon BD, Toth MJ. Muscle disuse alters skeletal muscle contractile function at the molecular and cellular levels in older adult humans in a sex-specific manner. J Physiol. 2014 Oct;592(20):4555–73.
Cosper PF, Leinwand LA. Cancer causes cardiac atrophy and autophagy in a sexually dimorphic manner. Cancer Res. 2011 Mar 1;71(5):1710–20.
Wallengren O, Iresjö B, Lundholm K, Bosaeus I. Loss of muscle mass in the end of life in patients with advanced cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2015 Jan;23(1):79–86.
Chargé SBP, Rudnicki MA. Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration. Physiol Rev. 2004 Jan;84(1):209–38.
Hawke TJ, Garry DJ. Myogenic satellite cells: physiology to molecular biology. J Appl Physiol. 2001 Aug;91(2):534–51.
Stupka N, Tiidus PM. Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen on ischemia-reperfusion injury in hindlimbs of female rats. J Appl Physiol. 2001 Oct;91(4):1828–35.
Pizza FX, Clark BC, De Meersman RE, et al. Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Estrogen and sex do/do not influence post-exercise.
Viña J, Gambini J, García-García FJ, Rodriguez-Mañas L, Borrás C. Role of oestrogens on oxidative stress and inflammation in ageing. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2013 Nov 6;16(2):65–72.
Velders M, Schleipen B, Fritzemeier KH, Zierau O, Diel P. Selective estrogen receptor-β activation stimulates skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. FASEB J. 2012;26(5):1909–20.
Chaiyasing R, Sugiura A, Ishikawa T, Ojima K, Warita K, Hosaka YZ. Estrogen modulates the skeletal muscle regeneration process and myotube morphogenesis: morphological analysis in mice with a low estrogen status. J Vet Med Sci. 2021 Jan 1;83(12):1812–9.
Angelini C, Tasca E, Nascimbeni AC, Fanin M. Muscle fatigue, nNOS and muscle fiber atrophy in limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Acta Myol. 2014 Dec;33(3):119–26.
Lee PHU, Chung M, Ren Z, Mair DB, Kim D. Factors mediating spaceflight-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2022 Mar;322(3):C567–80.
Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lim S, Haynie WA, Brown JL, Deaver JW, da Silva FM, Jansen LT, Lee DE, Wiggs MP, Washington TA, Greene NP. Female mice may have exacerbated catabolic signalling response compared to male mice during development and progression of disuse atrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021 Jun;12(3):717–30.
Tiidus PM, editor. Skeletal Muscle Damage and Repair. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2008. p. 49–58.
Hevener AL, Zhou Z, Drew BG, Ribas V. The role of skeletal muscle estrogen receptors in metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1043:257–84.
Tiidus PM, Deller M, Liu XL. Oestrogen influence on myogenic satellite cells following downhill running in male rats: a preliminary study. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005 Apr;184(1):67–72.
Matsuo K, Irie N. Osteoclast–osteoblast communication. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 Mar 31;473(2):201–9.
Ascenzi F, Barberi L, Dobrowolny G, Bacurau AVN, Nicoletti C, Rizzuto E, et al. Effects of IGF‐1 isoforms on muscle growth and sarcopenia. Aging Cell. 2019 Apr;18(3):e12954.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license which allows to reproduce and modify the content if appropiate recognition to the original source is given.
