3D printing in shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract

Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a disruptive technology in orthopedic surgery, particularly in shoulder arthroplasty, where anatomical variability affects surgical precision and functional outcomes. Its integration allows for more detailed planning and promotes safer, more reproducible procedures.

Objective: To describe the current applications and clinical benefits of 3D printing in shoulder arthroplasty.

Methodology:  Anatomical reconstruction using 3D models facilitates the understanding of complex deformities, optimizes implant-to-planning alignment, and enables the development of patient-specific surgical guides and implants. These advancements are associated with a reduction in technical errors, less dependence on individual experience, and a potential decrease in complications.

A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines through a structured search in PubMed and Scopus (2020–2025). Sixty-four articles were identified; after removing duplicates, 48 were screened, and 28 met the methodological criteria for qualitative synthesis.

Results: The evidence demonstrates that 3D printing improves precision in glenoid component placement, reduces version and inclination errors, and promotes a high concordance between preoperative planning and the final outcome. Furthermore, it optimizes the management of complex cases involving bone loss, contributes to better medium-term radiological and functional outcomes, and strengthens surgical training. However, costs, variability in materials, and the need for long-term follow-up remain limiting factors.

Conclusions: 3D printing represents a paradigm shift toward a more precise and personalized arthroplasty, with a direct clinical impact on surgical safety and predictability. Multicenter and long-term studies are required to consolidate its adoption as a standard in modern orthopedic practice.